12.0 Ear, Nose and Oropharynx

Also in this Section

• Chapter Summary Sheets
• 1.0 Gastro intestinal System
  • 1.1 Dyspepsia and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
    • 1.1.1 Antacids and simeticone
    • 1.1.2 Compound alginates and proprietary indigestion preparations
  • 1.2 Antispasmodics and other drugs altering gut motility
  • 1.3 Antisecretory drugs and mucosal protectants
    • 1.3.1 H2-receptor antagonists
    • 1.3.5 Proton pump inhibitors
      • 1.3.5.1 H.pylori eradication
  • 1.4 Acute diarrhoea
  • 1.5 Chronic bowel disorders
    • 1.5.1 Aminosalicylates
      • 1.5.1.1 Acute Exacerbation of ulcerative colitis
      • 1.5.1.2 Maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis
    • 1.5.2 Corticosteroids inflammatory bowel disease
    • 1.5.3 Steroid-sparing treatment for inflammatory bowel disease
  • 1.6 Laxatives
  • 1.7 Local preparations for anal and rectal disorders
    • 1.7.1 Soothing haemorrhoidal preparations
    • 1.7.2 Compound haemorrhoidal preparations with corticosteroids
    • 1.7.4 Management of anal fissures
  • 1.9 Drugs affecting intestinal secretions
    • 1.9.4 Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency
• 2.0 Cardiovascular System
  • 2.1 Positive inotropic drugs
    • 2.1.1 Cardiac glycosides
  • 2.2 Diuretics
    • 2.2.1 Thiazides and related diuretics
    • 2.2.2 Loop diuretics
    • 2.2.3 Potassium-sparing diuretics and aldosterone antagonists
    • 2.2.4 Potassium-sparing diuretics with other diuretics
  • 2.3 Anti-arrhythmic drugs
    • 2.3.2 Drugs for arrhythmias
  • 2.4 Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
  • 2.5 Hypertension and heart failure
    • 2.5.2 Centrally acting antihypertensive drugs
    • 2.5.4 Alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
    • 2.5.5 Drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system
      • 2.5.5.1 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
      • 2.5.5.2 Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists (AIIRAs/ARBs)
      • 2.5.5.3 Renin inhibitors
  • 2.6 Nitrates, calcium-channel blockers and other antianginal drugs
    • 2.6.1 Nitrates
    • 2.6.2 Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs)
    • 2.6.3 Other antianginal drugs
    • 2.6.4 Peripheral vasodilators and related drugs
  • 2.7 Sympathomimetics
  • 2.8 Anticoagulants and protamine
    • 2.8.1 Parenteral anticoagulants
    • 2.8.2 Oral anticoagulants
      • 2.8.2.1 Atrial fibrillation
      • 2.8.2.2 Treatment of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis and prevention of recurrent
      • 2.8.2.3 Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in orthopaedics-specialist use in secondary care only
      • 2.8.2.4 Acute coronary syndrome
      • 2.8.2.5 Prevention of Atherothrombotic events
  • 2.9 Antiplatelet drugs
  • 2.10 Stable angina, acute coronary syndromes and fibrinolysis
  • 2.11 Antifibrinolytic drugs and haemostatics
  • 2.12 Lipid-regulating drugs
    • Lipid Management Pathways
• 3.0 Respiratory System
  • 3.1 Bronchodilators
    • 3.1.1 Adrenoceptor agonists
      • 3.1.1.1 Short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) [Asthma and COPD]
      • 3.1.1.2 Long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABA) [COPD only]
    • 3.1.2 Antimuscarinic bronchodilators– [COPD]
    • 3.1.3 Theophylline
    • 3.1.4 Compound bronchodilator preparations
    • 3.1.5 Inhaler devices, peak flow meters and nebulisers
  • 3.2 Corticosteroids
    • 3.2.1 Single agent inhalers [asthma only]
    • 3.2.2 Compound ICS/LABA preparations – [asthma]
    • 3.2.3 Compound ICS/LABA preparations – COPD
    • 3.2.4 Triple therapy inhalers [COPD]
    • 3.2.5 Systemic Steroids
  • 3.3 Leukotriene receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitors
    • 3.3.2 Leukotriene receptor antagonists
    • 3.3.3 Phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitors
  • 3.4 Antihistamines, hyposensitisation and allergic emergencies
    • 3.4.1 Antihistamines
      • 3.4.1.1. Intranasal Corticosteroids
    • 3.4.2 Allergen immunotherapy (desensitisation)
    • 3.4.3 Allergic emergencies
  • 3.6 Oxygen
  • 3.7 Mucolytics
  • 3.9 Cough preparations
    • 3.9.1 Cough suppressants
• 4.0 Central Nervous System
  • 4.1 Hypnotics and anxiolytics
    • 4.1.1 Hypnotics
    • 4.1.2 Anxiolytics
      • 4.1.2.1 Acute anxiety state
      • 4.1.2.2 Anxiety disorders
    • 4.1.3 Barbiturates
  • 4.2 Drugs used in psychoses and related disorders
    • 4.2.1 Antipsychotic drugs
      • 4.2.1.1 Management of agitation and aggression
    • 4.2.3 Mood stabilising drugs
      • 4.2.3.1 Treatment of the acute phase of mania
      • 4.2.3.2 Maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder with mood stabilisers
  • 4.3 Antidepressant drugs
    • 4.3.1 Mild, moderate and severe depression
    • 4.3.2 Antidepressants for the treatment of anxiety disorders*
      • 4.3.2.1 Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder
      • 4.3.2.2 Panic disorder
      • 4.3.2.3 Post-traumatic stress disorder
      • 4.3.2.4 Obsessive compulsive disorder
  • 4.4 CNS stimulants and drugs used for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
    • 4.4.1 Narcolepsy
    • 4.4.2 Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in adults
  • 4.5 Drugs used in the treatment of obesity
    • 4.5.1 Anti-obesity drugs acting on the gastro-intestinal tract
    • 4.5.1 Anti-obesity drugs acting on the gastro-intestinal tract
  • 4.6 Drugs used in nausea and vertigo
    • 4.6.1 Drugs for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting
      • 4.6.1.1 Motion sickness
    • 4.6.2 Vertigo
  • 4.7 Analgesics
    • 4.7.1 General management of acute pain
      • 4.7.1.1 Non-opioid & compound analgesics
      • 4.7.1.2 Opioid analgesics
    • 4.7.2 Chronic non-malignant pain
    • 4.7.3 Neuropathic pain
    • 4.7.4 Antimigraine drugs
      • 4.7.4.1 Treatment of acute migraine attack
      • 4.7.4.2 Migraine prophylaxis
      • 4.7.4.3 Drug treatment of cluster headache
  • 4.8 Anti-epileptics
    • 4.8.1 Control of epilepsy
    • 4.8.2 Drugs used in status epilepticus
  • 4.9 Drugs used in parkinsonism and related disorders
    • 4.9.1 Dopaminergic drugs used in parkinsonism
      • 4.9.1.1 Dopamine receptor agonists
      • 4.9.1.2 Levodopa
      • 4.9.1.3 Monoamine-oxidase-B (MAOB) inhibitors
      • 4.9.1.4 Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors (COMT inhibitors)
    • 4.9.2 Antimuscarinic drugs used in parkinsonism
    • 4.9.3 Essential tremor
    • 4.9.4 Management of dementia in Parkinson’s disease
  • 4.10 Medications used in substance use disorders
    • 4.10.1 Opioid maintenance prescribing
    • 4.10.2 Opioid detoxification
    • 4.10.3 Benzodiazepine and Z drug withdrawal
    • 4.10.4 Alcohol dependence
      • 4.10.4.1 Acute alcohol withdrawal
      • 4.10.4.2 Relapse Prevention
      • 4.10.4.3 Interventions for the reduction of alcohol consumption
      • 4.10.4.4 Vitamin supplementation
    • 4.10.5 Cigarette smoking
  • 4.11 Drugs for dementia
    • 4.11.1 Management of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)
• 5.0 Infections (including children)
• 6.0 Endocrine
  • 6.1 Diabetes
    • 6.1.1 Insulins
    • 6.1.2 Antidiabetic drugs
      • 6.1.2.1 Biguanides
      • 6.1.2.2 Sulfonylureas
      • 6.1.2.3 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors)
      • 6.1.2.4 Glitazones (thiazolidinediones)
      • 6.1.2.5 Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors
      • 6.1.2.6 GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
    • 6.1.4 Treatment of hypoglycaemia
    • 6.1.6 Diagnostic and monitoring agents for diabetes mellitus
  • 6.2 Thyroid and antithyroid drugs and parathyroid disease
    • 6.2.1 Hypothyroidism
    • 6.2.2 Hyperthyroidism
      • 6.2.2.1 Antithyroid drugs
      • 6.2.2.2 Beta-blockers
    • 6.2.3 Parathyroid disease
      • 6.2.3.1 Hyperparathyroidism
  • 6.3 Corticosteroids
    • 6.3.1 Replacement therapy
    • 6.3.2 Glucocorticoid therapy
  • 6.4 Sex hormones
    • 6.4.1 Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal symptoms
      • 6.4.1a Women who have not had a hysterectomy
      • 6.4.1b Women who have had a hysterectomy or who have a Mirena® Intra Uterine System (IUS) in situ < 5 years
    • 6.4.2 Male sex hormones
  • 6.6 Drugs affecting bone metabolism
    • Drugs for the treatment and management of osteoporosis
      • 6.6.1. Calcium and vitamin D
      • 6.6.2 Bisphosphonates
      • 6.6.3 Other drug therapies used in osteoporosis
  • 6.7 Other endocrine drugs
• 7.0 Contraception, Gynaecology and Urinary Tract Disorders
  • 7.1.1 Primary dysmenorrhoea
  • 7.1.2 Heavy menstrual bleeding
  • 7.1.3 Endometriosis (previously diagnosed by laparoscopy)
  • 7.1.4 Lichen sclerosus
  • 7.1.5 Persistent breast pain
  • 7.1.6 Premenstrual tension syndrome
  • 7.1.7 Polycystic ovarian syndrome
  • 7.2 Treatment of vaginal and vulval conditions
    • 7.2.1 Preparations for vaginal and vulval changes
    • 7.2.2 Vaginal and vulval infections
  • 7.3 Contraceptives
    • 7.3.1 Combined hormonal oral contraceptives
    • 7.3.2 Progestogen-only contraceptives
      • 7.3.2.1 Oral progestogen-only contraceptives
      • 7.3.2.2 Parenteral progestogen-only contraceptives
      • 7.3.2.3. Intra-uterine progestogen-only device
    • 7.3.4 Contraceptive devices
    • 7.3.5 Emergency contraception
    • 7.3.6 Delaying Menstruation During Holidays
  • 7.4 Drugs for genito-urinary disorders
    • 7.4.1 Drugs for voiding (obstructive) symptoms in men
    • 7.4.2 Drugs for urinary frequency, enuresis, and incontinence
    • 7.4.3 Drugs used in urological pain
    • 7.4.5 Drugs for erectile dysfunction
• 8.0 Malignant Disease and Immunosuppression
• 9.0 Nutrition and Blood
  • 9.1 Anaemias and some other blood disorders
    • 9.1.1 Iron deficiency anaemia
    • 9.1.2 Drugs used in megaloblastic anaemias
  • 9.4 Oral Nutrition
    • 9.4.1 Step 1-Identification of nutritional risk
    • 9.4.2-Step 2-Underlying causes of malnutrition
    • 9.4.3-Step 3-Set Goals
    • 9.4.4-Step 4-Discuss ‘Food First’ dietary advice
    • 9.4.5-Step 5-Prescribe ONS
      • 9.4.5.1-ONS First Line Products
      • 9.4.5.2-Dietitian Led Products
    • 9.4.6-Step 6-Review need for ONS
    • 9.4.7 Step 7-When to Discontinue ONS
  • 9.5 Minerals
    • 9.5.1.1 Calcium supplement
  • 9.6 Vitamins
    • 9.6.2 Vitamin B group
    • 9.6.4 Vitamin D
    • 9.6.7 Multivitamins
  • Infant Feeding
  • Supplementations in pregnancy/ pre-conception
  • Wound management and nutrition
  • Gluten free prescribing
• Palliative Care
• 10.0 Musculoskeletal and Joint Diseases
  • 10.1 Drugs use in rheumatic diseases and gout
    • 10.1.1. NSAIDs
    • 10.1.2 Corticosteroids
      • 10.1.2.1 Systemic corticosteroids
      • 10.1.2.2 Local corticosteroid injections
    • 10.1.3 Drugs that suppress the rheumatic disease process
    • 10.1.4 Gout and cytotoxic-induced hyperuricaemia
      • 10.1.4.1 Acute attacks of gout
      • 10.1.4.2 Prophylaxis of gout
    • 10.1.5 Other drugs for rheumatic diseases
  • 10.2 Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders
    • 10.2.1 Drugs that enhance neuromuscular transmission
    • 10.2.2 Skeletal muscle relaxants
    • 10.2.3 Nocturnal Leg Cramps
  • 10.3 Drugs used for the treatment of soft-tissue disorders and topical pain relief
    • 10.3.2 Rubefacients, topical NSAIDs, capsaicin, and poultices
• 11.0 Eye
  • 11.6 Glaucoma
  • 11.8.1 Dry eye
• 12.0 Ear, Nose and Oropharynx
• 13.0 Skin
  • 13.1 Management of skin conditions
  • 13.2 Emollients and barrier preparations
    • 13.2.1 Emollients
      • 13.2.1.1 Emollient bath and shower preparations
    • 13.2.2 Barrier preparations
  • 13.3. Topical local anaesthetics and antipruretics
  • 13.4 Topical corticosteroids
    • 13.4.1 Topical corticosteroids with antimicrobials
  • 13.5 Preparations for eczema and psoriasis
    • 13.5.1 Preparations for eczema
    • 13.5.2. Preparations for psoriasis
      • 13.5.2.1 Trunk and Limbs
      • 13.5.2.1 Scalp
      • 13.5.2.1 Face or Flexures
    • 13.5.3 Drugs affecting the immune response (specialist treatments)
  • 13.6 Acne and rosacea
    • 13.6.1. Acne
    • 13.6.2 Rosacea-topical and oral treatment
  • 13.7 Preparations for warts and calluses
  • 13.8 Sunscreens and camouflagers
    • 13.8.1. Sunscreen preparations
      • 13.8.1.1 Photodamage (actinic keratosis)
    • 13.8.2 Camouflagers
  • 13.9 Shampoos and other preparations for scalp and hair conditions
  • 13.10 Anti-infective skin preparations
    • 13.10.1.1. Antibacterial preparations only used topically
    • 13.10.1.2. Antibacterial preparations also used systemically
    • 13.10.2 Antifungal preparations
    • 13.10.3 Antiviral preparations
    • 13.10.4 Parasiticidal preparations
  • 13.11 Skin cleansers, antiseptics, and desloughing agents
    • 13.11.2 Chlorhexidine salts
  • 13.12 Antiperspirants
• 14.0 Anaesthesia
• Wound Care Formulary